CDC: Half of Black MSM, Quarter of Latinos HIV+ in Lifetime

By Eric Brus

If current HIV diagnoses rates persist, about one-half of U.S. black gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) and one-quarter of Latino MSM will be diagnosed with HIV during their lifetime, according to a recent analysis by researchers at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The study, which was presented at last month's Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, provides the first comprehensive estimates of the lifetime HIV risk for several key at-risk populations at risk, as well as the overall lifetime risk of HIV infection in every state.

For all U.S. residents taken as a whole, the lifetime risk of being diagnosed with HIV is now one in 99 -- an improvement compared to the previous estimate of one in 78 from a previous study using data from 2004 through 2005. Despite this overall progress, CDC's updated analysis has revealed huge disparities in lifetime HIV risk by race, risk group, and geography.

Here are some highlights:

Among MSM, the lifetime risks of HIV infection are:
� 1 in 6 overall (all races/ethnicities combined);
� 1 in 2 for African American MSM;
� 1 in 4 for Hispanic MSM; and
� 1 in 11 for White MSM.

By race/ethnicity and gender, the lifetime risks are:
� 1 in 20 for African American men;
� 1 in 48 for African American women;
� 1 in 48 for Hispanic men;
� 1 in 227 for Hispanic women;
� 1 in 132 for White men; and
� 1 in 880 for White women.

By risk category, the lifetime risks are:
� 1 in 6 for MSM overall;
� 1 in 23 for women who inject drugs;
� 1 in 36 for men who inject drugs;
� 1 in 241 for heterosexual women; and
� 1 in 473 for heterosexual men.

CDC researchers also calculated the overall lifetime risks of HIV for the residents of each state and the District of Columbia. These figures cover a broad range from highs of one in 13 for D.C. and one in 49 for Maryland to lows of one in 670 for North Dakota and one in 578 for Montana.

Commenting on the exceptionally high lifetime risk of HIV infection among MSM, CDC's Jonathan Mermin noted, "As alarming as these lifetime risk estimates are, they are not a foregone conclusion. They are a call to action. The prevention and care strategies we have at our disposal today provide a promising outlook for future reductions of HIV infections and disparities in the U.S., but hundreds of thousands of people will be diagnosed in their lifetime if we don't scale up efforts now."

Reaching U.S. AIDS Strategy Targets Could Prevent Up to 185,000 HIV Infections by 2020

New U.S. HIV infections could be reduced 185,000 by 2020 if key National HIV/AIDS Strategy (NHAS) targets for HIV testing and treatment and the expanded use of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) are met, according to a modeling study presented at 2016 CROI.

CDC researchers used a forecasting model to predict the effects of implementing the following prevention strategies in the NHAS: 1) expanding PrEP use among high-risk populations; 2) increasing HIV testing and linkage to care; and 3) achieving viral suppression in 80 percent of persons treated. They examined the impact of fully achieving these NHAS targets, as well as three other scenarios in which none or only some of these targets are met.

Despite Improvements, Life Expectancy Gap Remains

The advent of effective antiretroviral treatment (ART) in the mid- to late 1990s led to dramatic increases in the life expectancies of persons living with HIV in the U.S. and other high-income nations with access to ART. Similar gains in life expectancy have been seen in low- and middle-income nations as access to ART and HIV care have increased during the past decade. However, a major study from the Kaiser Permanente health insurance system has found that, despite these improvements, there continues to be a significant gap in the life expectancies of HIV-positive versus uninfected persons in the U.S.

For their study, Kaiser researchers compared the mortality rates of nearly 25,000 HIV-positive persons and about 258,000 HIV-negative people in the Kaiser Permanente system between the years 1996 and 2011. They matched the HIV-infected and uninfected groups for age and gender, and then tracked mortality using death certificates and social security records. For the period 1996 through 2006, HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected 20-year-olds could expect to live an additional 36.0 and 62.3 years, respectively. In other words, HIV-positive 20-year-olds could expect to live, on average, to about age 56, compared to about age 82 for uninfected 20-year-olds; the life-expectancy gap averaged 26.3 years. By 2007 through 2011, the life expectancy of HIV-positive persons further improved: HIV-positive 20-year-olds could expect to live, on average, to age 68.5, and the life-expectancy gap between HIV-positive and uninfected 20-year-olds had narrowed to 13.8 years.

It is important to note that the above figures are averages for all HIV-positive versus uninfected persons in the study. The researchers also found that, among HIV-positive persons, there were significant disparities in life expectancy and life expectancy gains by race/ethnicity, gender, HIV risk category, and the stage of infection when they started ART. For example, Blacks and persons with a history of injection drug use had significantly lower life expectancies than other groups in 2007 to 2011. In contrast, HIV-positive persons who started ART early (with a CD4 T-cell count of 500 or more) had substantially higher life expectancies than those who started treatment later.

Lifestyle factors and non-HIV health history also had a substantial impact on the life expectancies and life expectancy gaps of HIV-positive persons: The life expectancy gap between HIV-positive and uninfected persons was only about 5 to 7 years for HIV-positive nonsmokers without a history or hepatitis B or C infection, or drug/alcohol abuse. In an interview with Infectious Disease News, the study's lead author, Julian Marcus noted that, "I think our work highlights the importance of getting HIV patients on treatment early, as well as mitigating non-HIV risk factors such as smoking."

Latino Commission Examines HIV Crisis Among Hispanic Gay and Bisexual Men

Soon after CDC presented data on the very high lifetime HIV risk among minority gay and bisexual men (see this newsletter's lead feature above), the Latino Commission on AIDS released a new report, The HIV Crisis Among Hispanic/Latino MSM. The four-page brief, which is also available in Spanish, outlines the disproportional impacts of HIV on Hispanic/Latino gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM), identifies factors that contribute to high HIV rates, and recommends measures to address the crisis.

The report authors note that being unaware of one's HIV status, as well as stigma, homophobia, and discrimination, greatly complicate the health needs of Hispanic/Latino MSM. In addition, "research suggests that language barriers, poverty, and low educational attainment levels are associated with inadequate knowledge about HIV and HIV testing rates. Research further cites the role of mental health, intimate partner violence, and substance use issues among Hispanics/Latinos as greatly impacting their HIV prevention and treatment needs."

Meeting the unique needs of Hispanic/Latino MSM will require "thinking outside the box," according to the report. It calls for increased government and privately funded programs that: 1) support strategies and research for culturally responsive interventions and support services, including mental health services; 2) increase capacity building and training for HIV/AIDS providers, public health officials, and advocates; and 3) embrace creative thinking, innovative interventions, and improved data collection.